{"id":5066,"date":"2021-06-15T08:45:21","date_gmt":"2021-06-15T12:45:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/?p=5066"},"modified":"2022-07-08T09:42:43","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T13:42:43","slug":"between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place-conflicting-u-s-eu-sanctions-policies-towards-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place-conflicting-u-s-eu-sanctions-policies-towards-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"Between a Rock and a Hard Place \u2013 Conflicting U.S. &#038; EU Sanctions Policies Towards Iran"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Co-Authored by <a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/meet-the-team\/attorneys\/sharath-patil\/\">Sharath Patil<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Background on U.S. Sanctions Programs<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Treasury Department\u2019s Office of Foreign Assets Control (\u201cOFAC\u201d) administers a number of different sanctions programs. The purpose of U.S. sanctions programs is to advance U.S. foreign policy objectives and protect national security. Currently, <a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/ofac-issues-clarifying-guidance-on-communist-chinese-military-companies-sanctions\/\">OFAC<\/a> administers 35 sanctions programs. These sanctions programs vary widely \u2013 some are comprehensive while others are highly selective.<\/p>\n<p><!--more-->The following is a list of current U.S. sanctions programs administered by OFAC:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Balkans Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bBelarus Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>Burma-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bBurundi Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>Central African Republic Sanctions<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/ofac-issues-clarifying-guidance-on-communist-chinese-military-companies-sanctions\/\">Chinese Military Companies Sanctions<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u200bCountering America&#8217;s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 (CAATSA)<\/li>\n<li>\u200bCounter Narcotics Trafficking Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bCounter Terrorism Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/trump-administration-designates-cuba-state-sponsor-of-terrorism\/\">Cuba Sanctions<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u200bCyber-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bDemocratic Republic of the Congo-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bForeign Interference in a United States Election Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bGlobal Magnitsky Sanctions<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/hong-kongs-initiates-dispute-regarding-u-s-origin-marking-requirement\/\">Hong Kong-Related Sanctions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/ofac-provides-clarifying-guidance-on-iran-sanctions\/\">\u200bIran Sanctions<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u200bIraq-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bLebanon-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bLibya Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>Magnitsky Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>Mali-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bNicaragua-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bNon-Proliferation Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bNorth Korea Sanctions<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/uk-joins-kimberley-diamond-trading-process\/\">\u200bRough Diamond Trade Controls<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Russian Harmful Foreign Activities Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bSomalia Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bSudan and Darfur Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bSouth Sudan-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bSyria Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>Syria-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bTransnational Criminal Organizations<\/li>\n<li>\u200bUkraine-\/Russia-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bVenezuela-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bYemen-Related Sanctions<\/li>\n<li>\u200bZimbabwe Sanctions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>U.S. Sanctions Towards Iran<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The United States has imposed restrictions on activities with Iran under various legal authorities\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/iran-sanctions\/\">since 1979,<\/a>\u00a0following the seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran following the Iranian Revolution. In October 2015, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia, as well as Germany (known collectively as the P5 +1) met with Iran and successfully negotiated the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/e\/eb\/tfs\/spi\/iran\/jcpoa\/index.htm\">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action<\/a>\u00a0(\u201cJCPOA\u201d). Pursuant to the JCPOA, Iran agreed to roll back parts of its nuclear program in exchange for relief from some sanctions. According to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/system\/files\/126\/2231.pdf\">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231<\/a>, the JCPOA would result in \u201cthe comprehensive lifting of all UN Security Council sanctions as well as multilateral and national sanctions related to Iran\u2019s nuclear program, including steps on access in areas of trade, technology, finance, and energy.\u201d The few years of decreased economic sanctions towards Iran came to an end in May 2018 when the Trump administration\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/ceasing-u-s-participation-jcpoa-taking-additional-action-counter-irans-malign-influence-deny-iran-paths-nuclear-weapon\/\">unilaterally withdrew<\/a>\u00a0from the JCPOA. The return of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/home.treasury.gov\/policy-issues\/financial-sanctions\/sanctions-programs-and-country-information\/iran-sanctions\">increased U.S. sanctions<\/a>\u00a0towards Iran came into effect in November 2018.<\/p>\n<p>The United States\u2019 Iran sanctions program includes <a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/mideast\/RS20871.pdf\">secondary sanctions<\/a> on firms that conduct certain transactions with Iran. This powerful tool has put pressure on foreign firms (including in the European Union) to adhere to U.S. sanctions laws.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>The EU Blocking Statute<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On November 22, 1996, the European Union (\u201cEU\u201d) enacted Council Regulation (\u201cEC\u201d) No. 2271\/96 to counteract the sanctions imposed by the United States against Cuba, Iran, and Libya. Known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/business-economy-euro\/banking-and-finance\/international-relations\/blocking-statute_en\">EU Blocking Statute<\/a>, the regulation shields member-state entities against the effects of the extraterritorial application of legislation adopted by a third country. Given the decision by the Trump administration in May 2018 to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2018\/08\/07\/2018-17068\/reimposing-certain-sanctions-with-respect-to-iran\">withdraw<\/a> from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (\u201cJCPOA\u201d or \u201cIran Nuclear Deal\u201d) and reimpose sanctions, <strong>the contrasting sanctions policies of the United States and the European Union have been a difficult compliance issue for EU firms.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On May 12, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/jcms\/jcms\/p1_1347854\/en\/\">Advocate General Gerard Hogan<\/a> issued a preliminary opinion in the case of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/curia.europa.eu\/juris\/document\/document.jsf?text=&amp;docid=241168&amp;pageIndex=0&amp;doclang=EN&amp;mode=lst&amp;dir=&amp;occ=first&amp;part=1&amp;cid=1749023\">Bank Melli Iran v. Telekom Deutschland GmbH<\/a><\/em>. In the ruling, AG Hogan described the difficult circumstances imposed by the opposing sanction regimes of the United States and the European Union vis-\u00e0-vis Iran.<\/p>\n<p>AG Hogan wrote:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201cAs the facts of this case graphically show, the operation of the EU blocking statute gives rise to a series of hitherto unresolved legal issues and a variety of intensely practical problems, not least of which is that <strong>European companies find themselves facing impossible\u00a0\u2013 and quite unfair\u00a0\u2013 dilemmas brought about by the application of two different and directly opposing legal regimes.<\/strong> I cannot avoid observing that the nature of these dilemmas, together with the failure to provide clear guidance on important legal issues which directly arise from the operation of the EU blocking statute, is such that the EU legislature might with advantage review the manner in which that statute presently operates.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Although the opinion by AG Hogan is a preliminary opinion, the ruling signals important changes to come with regards to how the European Union responds to U.S. secondary sanctions vis-\u00e0-vis Iran. <strong>Specifically, AG Hogan\u2019s ruling will likely strengthen the EU Blocking Statute and potentially penalize EU parties for adhering to U.S. sanctions laws.<\/strong> EU parties should be conscious to justify their Iran business decisions demonstrating that it was not to adhere to U.S. sanctions laws in order not to violate the EU Blocking Statute. Potentially, EU parties can even be sued contractually for wrongfully terminating a business relationship in violation of the EU blocking statute. This is a very difficult and confusing place for EU parties doing business in Iran.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>What You Can Do<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Adhering to U.S. sanctions laws can be complex \u2013 particularly when U.S. sanctions policies are rapidly changing. We encourage you to engage in the following practices in order to be proactive about your sanctions compliance:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Develop an <a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/webinar\/export-201-building-maintaining-an-effective-export-compliance-plan\/\">effective sanctions compliance program<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0A key foundation of proactive and effective sanctions compliance requires the development of a sanctions compliance plan. A sanctions compliance plan establishes a set of procedures for your organization to ensure that everyone is on the same page about how standard processes work, who is responsible for what, how to identify violations, what to do when violations occur, etc. A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/exporting\/#p1\">sanctions compliance plan<\/a>\u00a0helps build consciousness in your organization that compliance is critical \u2013 both to avoid costly penalties and also to protect national security. Diaz Trade Law helps businesses create sanctions compliance manuals that help prove you have a process in place to vet proposed transactions and ensure you can prove you can take compliance seriously and implement all of the important great weight mitigating factors. Diaz Trade Law has significant experience in developing sanctions compliance plans for organizations without plans. Additionally, Diaz Trade Law can assist your business in auditing and improving your current plan so that it is in its best shape.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sanctions compliance training \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>A foundation of a strong sanctions compliance program is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/the-importance-of-regular-export-compliance-training-for-your-business\/\">sanctions compliance training<\/a>. Training is important because it (1) ensures that all employees understand the sanctions regulations and reinforces internal policies and procedures, (2) demonstrates to federal government agencies that your business is proactive about sanctions compliance, and (3) avoids your business from being subject to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/ofac-increases-civil-monetary-penalties\/\">costly penalties<\/a>\u00a0and even criminal liability. Fortunately, sanctions compliance training can be highly tailored to meet your company\u2019s needs. All of your training events include assessments for comprehension, certificates for successful participation, and ample opportunities for Q&amp;A. For your next sanctions compliance training event, trust Diaz Trade Law to provide highly-effective, engaging training.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transaction vetting<\/strong> \u2013 Unsure whether a proposed transaction violates OFAC sanctions? Diaz Trade Law has significant experience vetting your potential transaction against U.S. sanctions laws. Through research and due diligence, Diaz Trade Law ensures that your transaction won\u2019t get you in trouble later down the road. In particular, it is important to vet end-uses (how is your product going to be used?), end-users (who will be using your product?), and destinations (where will your product be used?).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Voluntary self-disclosures \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>If your business believes it may have violated OFAC sanctions, it can be in your business\u2019 strategic interest to submit a voluntary self-disclosure (\u201cVSD\u201d). OFAC encourages anyone who may have violated OFAC-administered regulations to disclose the apparent violation to OFAC voluntarily. A voluntary self-disclosure to OFAC is considered a mitigating factor by OFAC in <a href=\"https:\/\/diaztradelaw.com\/travel-to-the-u-s-with-an-unlimited-number-of-cuban-cigars-and-rum-courtesy-of-new-revised-ofac-and-bis-regulations\/\">enforcement actions<\/a>, and pursuant to OFAC\u2019s Enforcement Guidelines, may result in a reduction in the base amount of any proposed civil penalty. Diaz Trade Law has significant experience filing VSDs and mitigating penalties. For detailed information on filing a VSD with OFAC, check out our article <em><a href=\"https:\/\/secureservercdn.net\/45.40.145.151\/j2a.161.myftpupload.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OFAC-VSD_ECO_96588.pdf\">Submitting a Voluntary Self-Disclosure to OFAC<\/a><\/em> published by Bloomberg Law.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Specific license applications \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>A specific license is an authorization from OFAC to engage in a transaction that otherwise would be prohibited. Businesses may apply for OFAC specific licenses to release blocked funds, generally authorize transactions, and many other purposes. Diaz Trade Law has significant experience submitting specific license applications and receiving authorization for proposed transactions on behalf of our clients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mitigation and corrective action<\/strong><em> \u2013\u00a0<\/em>If your business has violated U.S. sanctions laws, there is a lot you should do to get back into compliance, ensuring you work to prevent future violations, training your employees, updating your manuals, and this work can assist in mitigating potential penalties. Diaz Trade Law has significant experience representing businesses in dealing with the U.S. Treasury Department\u2019s Office of Foreign Assets Control. Specifically, Diaz Trade Law has successfully assisted clients in (1) submitting voluntary self-disclosures to mitigate penalties, (2) negotiated agreements with OFAC, (3) built corrective action systems to help ensure that your business does not make the same violation again, and (4) updating and enhancing your current export compliance plan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Contact Us<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you have questions on sanctions or export-related matters, contact Diaz Trade Law today at\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:info@diaztradelaw.com\">info@diaztradelaw.com<\/a>\u00a0or 305-456-3830.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Co-Authored by Sharath Patil Background on U.S. Sanctions Programs The U.S. Treasury Department\u2019s Office of Foreign Assets Control (\u201cOFAC\u201d) administers a number of different sanctions programs. The purpose of U.S. sanctions programs is to advance U.S. foreign policy objectives and protect national security. Currently, OFAC administers 35 sanctions programs. These sanctions programs vary widely \u2013 some are comprehensive while others are highly selective.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[741,10,828,89,51],"tags":[992,829,993,994,995,140,429,333,996,938,987],"class_list":["post-5066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ear","category-export","category-iran","category-compliance","category-ofac","tag-european-union","tag-iran","tag-iran-deal","tag-iran-nuclear-deal","tag-jcpoa","tag-ofac","tag-office-of-foreign-assets-control","tag-sanctions","tag-secondary-sanctions","tag-treasury","tag-treasury-department"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Between a Rock and a Hard Place \u2013 Conflicting U.S. &amp; EU Sanctions Policies Towards Iran - Customs &amp; International Trade Law Firm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The U.S. Treasury Department\u2019s Office of Foreign Assets Control (\u201cOFAC\u201d) administers a number of different sanctions programs. 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